ChapterSource: Blitzer A, Benson B, Kirke D, ed. Botulinum Neurotoxin for Head and Neck Disorders. 2nd Edition. Thieme; 2020. doi:10.1055/b-006-161172Comment: Blepharospasm, or dystonic contractions of primarily the orbicularis oris, usually exists as a focal dystonia. Both eyes can be affected, and symptoms can be severe enough to cause functional blindness. Workup and management begin with ruling out and treatment of any underlying eye disorder such as blepharitis, conjunctivitis, or corneal irritation, and with lid hygiene and lubrication. Botulinum neurotoxin is the mainstay of treatment and is well tolerated, with dry eyes and partial ptosis being the most common side effects. Treatment can be tailored to a flexible or fixed injection schedule based on patient preference.
ChapterSource: Goldenberg D, Goldstein B, ed. Handbook of Otolaryngology. Head and Neck Surgery.. 2nd Edition. Thieme; 2017. doi:10.1055/b-006-160147- Cockpit
- Anatomy
- Basic science
- Patient evaluation
- Measurement of functional status
- Surgical therapies
- Case studies
- Complications
Comment: Introduction|External Anatomy of the Nose|Muscle Layer of the Nose|Blood Supply of the Nose|Sensory Innervation of the Nose|Bony and Cartilaginous Structures of the Nose|Tip Support Mechanism - CockpitComment: A 40-year-old Caucasian man presented with a 1-week history of a rapidly progressive left-sided facial paralysis. The patient described a recent upper respiratory infection that began as nasal congestion and drainage and progressed to a lower respiratory infection. Approximately 4 days after starting antibiotics, he noticed an acute onset of weakness on the left side of his face.
E-JournalSource: Barros M D, Chatrath A, Peris-Celda M et al. 2019; 80(03): 225 - 231.
Short link: https://medone-otolaryngology.thieme.com/SYFC8